As described in data link layer address, Ethernet uses MAC addresses for its layer 2 communication. Almost all the ports in a LAN have MAC addresses. And they all are unique. How they keep it unique? The fundamental is quite simple. MAC addresses are burnt in addresses and hence can’t be changed (In reality, I … Read more
Layer 2 of OSI model is called Data link layer. It performs a set of actions to exchange information from one computer to other. The data link layer works on the local network. Internetwork services are provided by higher layers like IP on layer3. The main functions of data link layer are as follows: A … Read more
Eventually IP became the most accepted protocol for layer 3 communication, but IP can transfer packet only up to one network but within one network we need an address on which packets can be transferred. As data link layer is responsible for communication in local boundaries so it becomes data link layer protocols'(Ethernet, 802.3, 802.5, … Read more
For understanding of networks and before jumping into Cisco stuff, it’s very necessary to understand OSI layer architecture. ISO standardized the network sharing process into 7 different layers and that complete model is called OSI layer model. OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and was standardized by ISO(International Organization for Standardization). OSI has a seven layer architecture and … Read more
IP aggregation aka Supernetting aka Summarization is used to summarize a number of subnets into one big supernet. It serves as a critical tool to reduce the size of routing table and helps reducing the processing power and memory usage of the router. Moreover, these days routers are built of very high cpu and allocated … Read more
I. Introduction to CSMA/CD CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is a fundamental protocol that has been a crucial building block of Ethernet networks for decades. It is designed to enable multiple devices to efficiently share a common network medium and communicate with each other. The protocol’s ability to detect and handle collisions … Read more
I. Introduction In modern networking environments, understanding the concept of Native VLAN and its configuration on Cisco switches is crucial for efficient network management and security. The Native VLAN plays a significant role in handling untagged traffic within a VLAN trunk, and proper configuration is essential to ensure smooth inter-VLAN communication. This blog post delves … Read more