It is very important to understand the structure of an IP packet especially if you are indulged in a lot of IP network troubleshooting. Today most of the networks has been built on IP and IPv4 is the most common IP addressing scheme used. IP addressing can be quite difficult with subnetting and supernetting coming … Read more
Layer 2 of OSI model is called Data link layer. It performs a set of actions to exchange information from one computer to other. The data link layer works on the local network. Internetwork services are provided by higher layers like IP on layer3. The main functions of data link layer are as follows: A … Read more
Eventually IP became the most accepted protocol for layer 3 communication, but IP can transfer packet only up to one network but within one network we need an address on which packets can be transferred. As data link layer is responsible for communication in local boundaries so it becomes data link layer protocols'(Ethernet, 802.3, 802.5, … Read more
For understanding of networks and before jumping into Cisco stuff, it’s very necessary to understand OSI layer architecture. ISO standardized the network sharing process into 7 different layers and that complete model is called OSI layer model. OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and was standardized by ISO(International Organization for Standardization). OSI has a seven layer architecture and … Read more
I. Introduction to CSMA/CD CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is a fundamental protocol that has been a crucial building block of Ethernet networks for decades. It is designed to enable multiple devices to efficiently share a common network medium and communicate with each other. The protocol’s ability to detect and handle collisions … Read more